Acne Essays - Acneiform Eruptions, Acne Vulgaris, Pimple, Comedo

Acne Almost everyone has acne at one time or another in life. Acne is a skin condition that can cause pimples such as, white heads and black heads to appear on the face, chest, back, neck, and shoulders. Most teenagers have acne for about five years, but for others it clears up much faster. Not only teenagers go through acne, but women that did not experience acne during puberty, can also get acne in there twenties and thirties. Women can also get minor acne before there menstrual period. All of us are affected by acne at one point in time or another, and some less than others, but all of us experience it and just have to deal with it because the best remedy for getting rid of acne is time. Acne begins in the upper part of the hair follicle, where sebaceous glands discharge sebum, an oily substance that keeps skin from drying out. During puberty, the sebaceous glands enlarge dramatically. If pores near these glands become clogged with dead skin cells or oily cosmetics, the sebum accumulates underneath, causing inflammation in the surrounding skin. The acne is further aggravated when bacterial enzymes break down the sebum into irritating substances that add to the inflammation and swelling. If several follicles in the same area become inflamed, scarring can also occur. There are several forms of acne, but the most common is vulgaris, found mostly in teenagers, whose hormonal changes cause a large increase in the size of the sebaceous glands and in sebum production. As stated before the best remedy for acne is time, and just letting acne go away on its own is the best. People with moderate cases of acne may use topical antibiotics, and also take small doses of antibiotics given orally over long periods of time. Other therapies that have been found effective include the topical use of retinoic acid or benzoyl peroxide. Most experts agree that greasy or oily cosmetics should not be used, and that water-based cosmetics should be used instead. The best way to cleanse your skin is by washing often with plain soap and water. Use a washcloth, and work the soap into your skin gently for a minute or two, and then rinse well. But make sure that you use a clean washcloth every day because bacteria thrives on wet and warm wash clothes, which in end can actually cause more acne. Acne should not be picked or squeezed because this may result in scarring. After calling the Portland Information Guide and doing a lot more extra research on the Internet, I have learned how acne actually comes about. Before I thought that acne just happened due to the fact of over-active hormones during puberty, but I learned that there was much more to acne than just that. Another thing that I learned was hot to better take care of my face and to lessen the amount of acne that I will get. Before I knew that washing your face was good, but I wasn't aware that there were actual perscriptions for acne that are taken orally in a pill form. Another thing that I learned was that antibiotics also could help decrease the amount of acne. All in all I though that this call and research was very valuable to me because now I am a teenager and that's when I will need this information the most, and I am glad that I made the call and did the research. Sources on Internet for Research: 1. WWW.Lycos.COM 2. WWW.WebMD.COM 3. WWW.Yahoo.COM Medicine Essays

Uncovering the Archaeological Remains of Tipis

Uncovering the Archaeological Remains of Tipis A tipi ring is the archaeological remains of a tipi, a dwelling type constructed by North American Plains people between at least as early as 500 BC up until the early 20th century. When Europeans arrived in the great plains of Canada and the United States in the early 19th century, they found thousands of clusters of stone circles, made of small boulders placed at close intervals. The rings ranged in size between seven to 30 feet or more in diameter, and in some cases were embedded into the sod. The Recognition of Tipi Rings The early European explorers in Montana and Alberta, the Dakotas and Wyoming were well aware of the meaning and use of the stone circles, because they saw them in use. The German explorer Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuweid described a Blackfoot camp at Fort McHenry in 1833; later plains travelers reporting the practice included Joseph Nicollet in Minnesota, Cecil Denny at the Assiniboine camp at Fort Walsh in Saskatchewan, and George Bird Grinnell with the Cheyenne. What these explorers saw was the people of the Plains using stones to weigh down the edges of their tipis. When the camp moved, the tipis were taken down and moved with the camp. The rocks were left behind, resulting in a series of stone circles on the ground: and, because the Plains people left their tipi weights behind, we have one of the few ways that domestic life on the Plains can be archaeologically documented. In addition, the rings themselves had and have meaning to the descendants of the groups which created them, beyond the domestic functions: and history, ethnography, and archaeology together ensures that the rings are a source of cultural richness belied by their plainness. Tipi Ring Meaning To some plains groups, the tipi ring is symbolic of the circle, a core concept of the natural environment, the passage of time, and the gloriously endless view in all directions from the Plains. Tipi camps were also organized in a circle. Among Plains Crow traditions, the word for prehistory is Biiaakashissihipee, translated as when we used stones to weigh down our lodges. A Crow legend tells of a boy named Uuwatisee (Big Metal) who brought metal and wooden tipi stakes to the Crow people. Indeed, stone tipi rings dated later than the 19th century is rare. Scheiber and Finley point out that as such, stone circles act as mnemonic devices linking descendants to their ancestors across space and time. They represent the footprint of the lodge, the conceptual and symbolic home of the Crow people. Chambers and Blood (2010) note that tipi rings typically had a doorway facing east, marked by a break in the circle of stones. According to Canadian Blackfoot tradition, when everyone in the tipi died, the entrance was sewn shut and the stone circle was made complete. That happened all too often during the 1837 smallpox epidemic at the Akà ­Ãƒ ­Ã¢â‚¬â„¢nisskoo or Many Dead Kà ­nai (Blackfoot or Siksikà ­tapiiksi) campsite near present-day Lethbridge, Alberta. Collections of stone circles without door openings such as those at Many Dead are thus memorials of the devastation of epidemics on Siksikà ­tapiiksi people. Dating Tipi Rings Untold numbers of tipi ring sites have been destroyed by Euroamerican settlers moving into the Plains, purposefully or not: however, there are still 4,000 stone circle sites recorded in the state of Wyoming alone. Archaeologically, tipi rings have few artifacts associated with them, although there are generally hearths, which can be used to gather radiocarbon dates. The earliest of the tipis in Wyoming date to the Late Archaic period circa 2500 years ago. Dooley (cited in Schieber and Finley) identified increased numbers of tipi rings in the Wyoming site database between AD 700-1000 and AD 1300-1500. They interpret these higher numbers as representing an increased population, increased use of Wyoming trail system and the migrations of Crow from their Hidatsa homeland along the Missouri River in North Dakota. Recent Archaeological Studies Most archaeological studies of tipi rings are the results of large scale surveys with selected pit testing. One recent example was in the Bighorn Canyon of Wyoming, the historic home of several Plains groups, such as the Crow and Shoshone. Researchers Scheiber and Finley used  hand-held Personal Data Assistants (PDAs)  to input data on tipi rings, part of a developed mapping method combining remote sensing, excavation, hand-drawing, computer-assisted drawing, and Magellan Global Positioning System (GPS) equipment. Scheiber and Finley studied 143 oval tipi rings at eight sites, dated between 300 and 2500 years ago. The rings varied in diameter between 160-854 centimeters along their maximum axes, and 130-790 cm on the minimum, with averages of 577 cm maximum and 522 cm minimum. Tipi studied in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were reported as 14-16 feet in diameter. The average doorway in their  dataset  faced north-east, pointing to the midsummer sunrise. The internal  architecture of the Bighorn Canyon group included fire hearths in 43% of the  tipis; external included stone alignments and  cairns thought to represent meat drying racks. Sources Chambers CM, and Blood NJ. 2009.  Love  they  neighbour: Repatriating precarious Blackfoot sites.  International Journal of Canadian Studies  39-40:253-279. Diehl MW. 1992.  Architecture as a Material Correlate of Mobility Strategies: Some Implications for Archeological Interpretation.  Cross-Cultural Research  26(1-4):1-35. doi: 10.1177/106939719202600101 Janes RR. 1989.  A Comment on Microdebitage Analyses and Cultural Site-Formation Processes among Tipi Dwellers.  American Antiquity  54(4):851-855. doi: 10.2307/280693 Orban N. 2011.  Keeping House: A Home for Saskatchewan First Nations Artifacts.  Ã‚  Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University. Scheiber LL, and Finley JB. 2010.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Domestic campsites and cyber landscapes in the Rocky Mountains.  Antiquity  84(323):114-130. Scheiber LL, and Finley JB. 2012.  Situating (Proto) history on the Northwestern Plains and  Rocky Mountains. In: Pauketat TR, editor.  The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 347-358. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195380118.013.0029 Seymour DJ. 2012.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹When Data Speak Back: Resolving Source Conflict in Apache Residential and Fire-Making Behavior.  International Journal of Historical Archaeology  16(4):828-849. doi: 10.1007/s10761-012-0204-z

Internationalization Strategies Questions Essay

Internationalization Strategies Questions - Essay Example The reasons why a business may seek to pursue an internationalization strategy as part of its growth and expansion plans are strongly contextual. In particular, they will reflect the economic and political features of the country or region of the investing firm, and of the country or region in which the company seeks to invest. Other factors at that will determine this decision include: the industry and the nature of the value added activity in which the firm is engaged and the characteristics of the individual investing firm, including its objectives and strategies in pursuing these objectives. Dunning (2000) identified four major types of internationalization activities: (1) market seeking or demand oriented activities that are geared towards satisfying a particular foreign market, or set of foreign markets; (2) resource seeking or supply oriented activity that targets gaining access to natural resources; (3) efficiency seeking activity which is designed to promote a more efficient division of labour; and (4) strategic asset seeking, which aims to protect or augment the existing specific advantages of the internationalising firm and/or to reduce the advantages of its competitors. These activities also mirror the advantages that organisations gain by pursuing internationalisation strategy such as greater market share, brand awareness and revenue, accessing more resources or technology for competitive advantage, efficiency and economies of scale which lowers cost of production, spreading of business risk and creation of entry barriers to one’s industry. Factor conditions refer to the inputs that are necessary for a firm to compete such as capital, infrastructure, land and labour. According to Porter (1990) the stock of factors in a country at any given time is less important than the extent to which they are upgraded and deployed. In reference to Dunning's resource seeking internationalisation objective, a company may therefore be attracted to a part icular country where its key resources are generally rapidly upgraded for example the strong government support experienced in China’s manufacturing industry. Home demand conditions refer to the level of demand of a particular product locally in comparison to its level of demand abroad. It is largely influenced by size, number of independent buyers, sophistication of local buyers, rate of demand growth, early demand and early saturation. A more demanding local market leads to national advantage and a strong, trend-setting local market helps local firms anticipate global trends. Early saturation of the local market also motivates firms to continue innovation and to reduce cost and/or pricing of products for example Japan’s TV industry saturated early and forced home players to seek new markets in Europe and North America. Finally, the home firms will be forced to enter foreign markets, Dunning’s market seeking international activity, in the search for more busine ss and sustainable growth. Porter’s third determinant, related and supporting industries reflects the importance of the link between businesses within a value chain. Related industries refers to those industries that share certain elements of their business for example the US has a vibrant information systems industry that

Continuing Professional Development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Continuing Professional Development - Assignment Example The aim of this paper is to analyze the importance of CPD for individuals and organizations in the hospitality industry. The main theory surrounding CPD is Boyatzis’s Theory of Self-directed Learning. The theory works on a model where learning is based on a self-directed self-analysis. This includes analysis of the ideal oneself and actual oneself then assessing gaps. The person then looks at their strengths and sets out on a learning agenda aimed at building on the strengths while minimizing the gaps. Finally, the person experiments and practices with the new knowledge, skills and behavior. Trusting relationships that encourage and support each step should be developed (Boyatzis 1999). Core concepts of CPD There are some concepts that mark out CPD from other types of professional development and training. First is that in CPD, the learner is in control hence CPD finds its starting point from the learner’s dreams. Handy (1997), states that these dreams can also be equat ed to thirst. First, the professional becomes thirst for new skills, knowledge and experiences and the role of CPD is to respond to the type and extend of the thirst presented. Secondly, CPD is a holistic process capable of addressing every aspect of life as well as the balance between these aspects. This means that one aspect of a learner’s life for example, their work, family, or social life does not have to suffer much during the process of CPD. Therefore, we can say that the process is integrative to every aspect of the learner’s life (Daniel 2002). Thirdly, the learning and working in CPD is power and direction oriented hence the achievement of its purposes and objectives are easy. This is because CPD involves regularly reflecting how we are, looking ahead to where we want to be then taking a step from our current position towards the desired future position. Lastly, someone can benefit from CPD with or without the support of the employer. This is to say that it w orks for those employees who have financial backing and total support from their employers and as well as for those whose employers are hostile (Daniel 2002). The need and relevance for CPD From its definition, the need for CPD is hinged on the necessity for professionals to broaden, improve and maintain their specific professional skills and knowledge they have already acquired. The core reason for this is that security for professionals no longer lies in the organisation they work for or the job they do but on the knowledge, skills and experience they posses within themselves (Brett and VandeWalle 1999). There is also a need for professionals to acquire some special qualities that are needed for them to perform well in their profession. CPD is very relevant to professionals and their organisations as well. For example, it enables professionals to be updated in terms of their professional skills and knowledge and this puts them at a good position of working under the latest relevan t information. Constant updating and enhancement of skills enables an individual to improve in terms of their professional competency. Because CPD is continuous, the improvement in professional competency for the individuals also becomes continuous throughout their professional lives (Cooperrider 1990). Benefits of CPD for individuals and organisations According to Schon (1983), CPD makes professionals to be committed to their professionalism. This is because it entails a continuous process of

Marketing Concultancy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing Concultancy - Coursework Example This is a big problem potentially for Apple because the new firms can tank iTunes music revenues, and seriously undermine Apple’s business model. The proposed solutions therefore rely on leveraging the formidable strengths and assets of Apple, including its large cash hoard and its venerable name, to come up with alternatives to Spotify in order to check the latter’s rise and to shore up Apple’s revenues in music subscription sales. This solution leverages key strengths, and also leverages emerging trends in cloud computing and the benefits to be had from harnessing technological progress in cloud computing. This report makes use of external environmental analytical frameworks such as PESTLE and Porter’s Five Forces frameworks, as well as a SWOT analysis, to properly assess the extent of the market problem and Apple’s condition relative to the external market challenge (Hunt 2011; Goldman 2010; Ausick 2013; Google Finance 2014; Schaefer 2014; Hinks 2014; McDuling 2014). Apple needs no introduction. The maker of the iPhone and the iPad is the most influential and the biggest name in technology, and its smartphone business and the ecosystem of apps, software, music and other digital content is the biggest in the world in terms of revenues and traction in the premium markets all over the world. The company is described as being in the business of providing both portable devices and computing devices for mobile communication and personal computing, together with the digital content, platform and apps that go with the hardware. Apart from the iPhone and the iPad, the company is also the maker of the Mac and the Apple TV platforms, together with software such as iOS and OS X, and iCloud. Content is aggregated via iTunes and the App Store. With a market capitalization of $ 661.67 billion, Google is the biggest tech firm

Current Diagnostic Methods for Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Current Diagnostic Methods for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Abstract: Detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is essential for diagnosis and monitoring of the infection. There are several different types of diagnostic tools available that are based on detection of HIV-specific antibodies, virus antigen, or nucleic acid. Sensitivities and specificities of assays utilized for HIV detection have improved. Newer HIV testing technologies such as third-generation enzyme immunoassay (EIA) which detect HIV-specific IgG and IgM antibodies, fourth-generation EIA which detect both anti-HIV antibodies and HIV p24 antigen, and nucleic acid-based tests (NATs) for HIV RNA, have significantly decreased the window period. This review study provides an overview of current technologies for the detection and monitoring of HIV infection and recent advances in the field of HIV diagnosis. Keywords: HIV diagnosis; HIV antibody test; human immunodeficiency virus; Immunoassay; Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Introduction: Diagnosis of HIV infection contributes to evaluating the progression of disease, monitoring the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and prevention and control of HIV/AIDS. The diagnosis of HIV is associated with decrease in risky behaviors, reduced HIV transmission, and improved survival linked to increased case detection, earlier care and treatment. HIV-negative persons can also protect themselves from HIV when making sexual decisions by engaging in safer sex behaviors and sometimes, taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Early diagnosis of HIV infection provides an opportunity for risk reduction counseling and preventing further transmission of the disease, while late diagnosis of HIV infection is detrimental to infected patients and to the public health, and is associated with an increased rate of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Since the start of the epidemic, it is estimated that 78 million people have become infected with HIV and 35 million people have died from AIDS-related illnesses. In 2015, 2.1 million people became newly infected, 36.7 million people were living with HIV and 1.1 million people died from AIDS-related illnesses. New HIV infections have fallen by 6% since 2010. Sub-Saharan Africa, which bears the heaviest burden of HIV/AIDS worldwide, accounts for 65% of all new HIV infections. Other regions significantly affected by HIV/AIDS include Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Eastern Europe and Central Asia (Table 1) [9]. The present study aims to conduct a narrative review to summarize and discuss the current diagnostic methods for HIV and recent developments. We start with a brief overview of HIV infection, follow by a description on the development of virological and immunological markers following HIV infection. Thereafter, we introduce current algorithms for laboratory HIV testing with different kind of current diagnostics techniques including various generations of enzyme immunoassays, rapid or point-of-care tests, and qualitative/quantitative PCR assays. Overview of HIV Infection: HIV-1 causes chronic infection which is usually characterized by progressive immune deficiency, a long period of clinical latency, and appearance of opportunistic infections [1, 2]. Characteristics of HIV include infection and viral replication in T lymphocyte expressing CD4 antigen. Qualitative defects in CD4 cell response and a gradual decline in their numbers increase the risk of opportunistic infections like Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and neoplasms such as Kaposis sarcoma and lymphoma [3-5]. HIV infection can disrupt functions of blood monocytes, tissue macrophages, and B lymphocytes, and also increase the potential of encapsulated bacteria for developing infections [6, 7]. Direct invasion of CD4 cells in the peripheral and central nervous systems can cause meningitis, peripheral neuropathy, and dementia [8]. The prognosis is variable between people infected with HIV-1. In adults, the average time between HIV exposure to AIDS stage is 10-11 years, but a remarkable proportion of individuals (~20%) progresses rapidly to AIDS within 5 years after HIV exposure. On the other hand, it is estimated that 12% of infected individuals will remain free of AIDS for 20 years [10]. Prophylaxis and in particular antiretroviral therapy (ART) significantly enhanced the overall prognosis of HIV disease against opportunistic infections [11]. The most common route of HIV infection is sexual transmission at the genital mucosa via direct contact with infected body fluids, such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. Infection may also occur via inoculation of infected blood, transfusion of infected blood products, transplantation of infected tissues, from an infected mother to her infant during pregnancy, or by reuse of contaminated needles [12]. The probability of transmission after a single exposure with an uncontrolled HIV source has been estimated to be 1/150 with needle sharing, 1/300 with occupational percutaneous exposure, 1/300-1/1000 with receptive anal intercourse, 1/500-1/1250 with receptive vaginal intercourse, 1/1000-1/3000 with insertive vaginal intercourse, and 1/3000 with insertive anal intercourse. The average risk is 12-50% for congenital (mother-to-child) transmission, 12% for breast-feeding, 90% for a contaminated blood transfusion, and 0.1-1.0% for nosocomial transmission [13]. The risk of HIV transmission during early or acute HIV infection appears to be greater than during chronic infection (251). Available data suggest that the viral load is an important predictor of the risk of heterosexual transmission, and patients with levels less than 1500 copies of HIV-1 RNA per milliliter are at lower risk of HIV transmission, whereas the probability of transmission is increased dramatically with increasing vira l loads (250). Laboratory markers for HIV-1 infection: Several immunological and virological blood markers can be monitored during the course of HIV infection. These markers appear highly consistent between different individuals in a chronological order and allows classification of HIV infection into distinct laboratory stages including eclipse period, seroconversion window period, acute HIV infection, and established HIV infection (Figure 1) [14, 15]. Shortly after exposure to HIV-1, no viral markers are consistently detectable in plasma, but low levels of HIV-1 RNA can be found intermittently [16]. This period is called the eclipse phase. About 10 days after infection, HIV-1 RNA becomes detectable by NAT in plasma and quantities rise to very high levels [17], which subsequently decline rapidly until reaching a set point, a stable level that may persist for years. This stable level of HIV RNA represents an equilibrium between HIV and host immune responses and is an important indicator of subsequent disease progression, and potential transmission of HIV. It has been shown that the higher HIV-1 RNA plasma level is associated with faster progression to AIDS [18]. The set point plasma HIV-1 RNA level can be a helpful clinical tool for determining the timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected patients. For instance, patients with high set point levels can be started on aggressive antiretroviral therapy and patient s with low set point levels can be monitored without initiating therapy [19]. HIV-1 p24 antigen is expressed and quantities rise to levels that can be measured by fourth-generation immunoassays within 17 days after infection (typical range 13-28 days) [15, 20]. Due to high titers of p24 antigen present in the sera of acutely infected patients during the interval prior to seroconversion, p24 Ag assay can be utilized to diagnose the primary HIV-1 infection [21]. Nevertheless, detection of p24 antigen is transient because, as antibodies begin to develop, they bind to the p24 antigen and form immune complexes that interfere with p24 Ag assay [22, 23]. The time interval between infection with HIV and the first detection of antibodies is known as the serological window period. The detection of HIV-specific antibodies indicates the end of the window period and the individual is known as seropositive [24]. The length of the window period depends on the design and the sensitivity of the immunoassay. Expression of IgM antibodies can be detected by immunoassays within 10 to 13 days after the appearance of viral RNA, 3 to 5 days after detection of p24 antigen, and peak between the 4th and the 5th week [15, 20, 25, 26]. Thereafter, the emergence of IgG antibodies occurs at about 3-4 weeks after infection and persist throughout the course of HIV infection [21]. Nevertheless, the immune responses are highly dependent on the ability of the individuals immune system to produce the antibodies. Approximately, 50% of patients within 3-4 weeks and about 100% of them within 6 months have detectable antibodies, although there are reports indicating that a small percentage of patients may require up to 6 months for the appearance of antibodies [27]. Laboratory HIV testing algorithms: Since 1989, the diagnostic algorithm for HIV testing recommended by CDC and the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL) relied on the confirmation of a repeatedly reactive HIV immunoassay with the more specific HIV-1 antibody test, either the HIV-1 Western blot or HIV-1 indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The Western blot was previously considered to be the gold standard for the diagnosis of HIV infection by Clinicians [29, 30]. It should be noted that both the Western blot and IFA are first-generation assays that detect only IgG antibodies against HIV proteins. Retrospective testing of specimens from high-risk individuals pointed that antibody testing alone may miss a significant percentage of HIV infections detectable by virologic tests such as HIV antigen and nucleic acid assays. In 2013, the CDC and the APHL released new guidelines on HIV testing that have led to the earlier diagnosis of HIV infection when compared with the previous diagnostic algorithm. The new recommended algorithm starts with a fourth-generation HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab immunoassay to screen for HIV infection that detects both HIV-1/2 antibodies and the HIV-1 antigen. When the result of initial immunoassay is nonreactive, further testing is not required for samples. Instead, testing with an HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody differentiation test is needed when the sample is reactive on the screening fourth-generation assay. Reactive results with the initial fourth-generation assay and the HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody differentiation immunoassay should be considered as reactive for HIV-1 antibodies, HIV-2 antibodies, or HIV antibodies, undifferentiated. Reactive results with the initial fourth-generation assay and nonreactive or indeterminate on the HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody differentiation immunoassay should be tested with an FDA-approved HIV-1 NAT to differentiate early HIV infection from a false-positive screening result [28] (Figure 2). HIV diagnostic tests: Serological diagnostic assays: Enzyme Immunoassays (EIA):Significant advances in the development of HIV immunoassays have been created since the discovery of HIV in 1983. Based on different design principles, HIV immunoassays are generally classified into generations. The earliest immunoassays (first-generation) are indirect EIAs that used coated viral lysate antigens derived from cell culture on a solid phase for antibody capture and an indirect format that detected antibody utilizing an enzyme-conjugated antihuman IgG [36]. Antibody can be detected within 8-10 weeks postinfection by first generation immunoassay. These assays have 99% sensitivity and 95-98% specificity for HIV infection. Second-generation immunoassays use synthetic peptide or recombinant protein antigens alone or in combination with viral lysates to bind HIV antibodies, and they use an indirect immunoassay format that employs conjugated antihuman IgG, which binds to IgG with high affinity, to detect IgG antibodies [37]. Utilizing recombinant anti gens in the second-generation assays improves sensitivity for HIV-1, HIV-1 group O, and HIV-2, allowing earlier detection of IgG antibodies. The sensitivity and specificity of second-generation assays have been reported to be ˃99.5% and ˃99%, respectively. First and second generation immunoassays can only detect IgG antibody to HIV. The window period was decreased to 4 to 6 weeks postinfection by second-generation assays. Third generation immunoassays also utilize synthetic peptide or recombinant antigens to bind HIV antibodies, but in an immunometric antigen sandwich format; HIV antibodies in the specimen bind to HIV antigens on the assay substrate and to antigens conjugated to indicator molecules. This allows detection of both IgM and IgG antibodies which leads to increase in sensitivity and specificity of the test. Lower sample dilutions and the ability to detect IgM antibodies (which are expressed before IgG antibodies) further decrease the window period to 2-3 weeks postinfection [38]. The reported sensitivity and specificity of third-generation assays is ˃99.5%. Combination or fourth-generation tests use synthetic peptide or recombinant protein antigens in the same antigen sandwich format as third-generation assays for the detection of IgM and IgG antibodies, and also monoclonal antibodies for the detection of p24 antigen [39]. Inclusion of p24 antigen capture allows the detection of HIV-1 infection before seroconversion and further decreases the window period. Most fourth-generation antigen/antibody immunoassays (termed combo assays) do not distinguish antibody reactivity from antigen reactivity [39]. Recent published data has shown that the fourth-generation assay was able to establish HIV infection in more than 80% of patients who tested NAAT positive but either nonreactive or indeterminate by other tests like Western blot, first to third generation immunoassays, and rapid tests [40-42]. Delaney et al. found that the fourth-generation immunoassay are able to detect HIV infection 1-3 weeks earlier than the first, second, and third generation immunoassay which cannot detect p24 antigen. The results of their study revealed that the median duration of the eclipse period was 11.5 days and 99% of specimens from HIV-infected patients could be reactive with Ag/Ab combination tests within 45 days of exposure. Moreover, for detection of antibodies by the IgG/IgM-sensitive and other plasma screening assays, 50 days or longer were required and after 3 month of exposure, infection could be detected by all tests. Several studies have reported sensitivities of 100% for fourth-generation immunoassay, whereas other surveys reported transient sensitivities range from 62-89% when assessed against HIV RNA assays. This decreased sensitivity can be attributed to the presence of a second diagnostic window. This situation is rare but it can happen. Second diagnostic window period lies between the p24 antigen detection and the anti-HIV antibody detection, and is associated with reduction in the p24 antigen and antigen/antibody complexes levels, as well as a delay in HIV-specific antibody development which totally may affect the sensitivity of fourth-generation immunoassays. So, it is possible that many acute HIV infections have been missed using fourth-generation assays. Despite negative results from a fourth-generation immunoassay in high-risk populations with suspected acute HIV infection, it is needed to repeat the test on new blood samples obtained several days later, as well as testing for HIV anti body alone, p24 antigen or use of an HIV RNA assay. In 2015, an improved version of immunoassay, BioPlex 2200 HIV Ag-Ab screening test system, received FDA approval in HIV screening which detects both HIV antibody and the HIV-1 p24 antigen by providing separate results for each analyte. This test also provides separate results for HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies, so there is no need for a HIV-1/2 differentiation assay for antibody reactive samples. It was reported that the sensitivity and specificity of BioPlex 2200 HIV Ag-Ab assay were 100 and 99.5%, respectively [43]. HIV Confirmatory Tests:Screening tests must be highly sensitive to produce few false-negative results, whereas confirmatory assays are characterized with high specificity to produce few false-positive results [44]. If the result of a screening test is repeatedly reactive, this has to be confirmed by (at least) one confirmatory assay. Western blot or indirect IFA traditionally have been employed as confirmatory assay due to their higher specificity. The probability that both ELISA and Western blot would give false-positive results is extremely low (

Pressures Of Industry On Education :: essays research papers

With the high rate of adolescent unemployment an economic reality, the secondary education system needs to concern itself with the occupational future of the youth of America. Vocational education provides students with an alternative to a college degree. When vocational education is used in conjunction with local industries, a unique relationship is formed in which both institutions can benefit. These benefits include the following: 1. Educational institutions offer quick and ready access to facilities and trained personnel. 2. An exchange of goods for services rendered allows for savings to industry and an opportunity for the institution to provide important community service. 3. A cooperative effort between education and industry is time efficient and cost effective. 4. Community, educational, and industrial interchange are enhanced and appreciated. 5. Opportunities for expanded cooperation between education and industry on future occasions are enhanced. 6. Opportunities for more active counseling roles in industry are expanded. Furthermore, the United States Office of Education 1975 policy paper states the following: †¦while initial implementation of career education†¦ will be relatively inexpensive, total educational reform is going to be expensive†¦ the days of educational isolationism are past. It is time that our formal education system join forces with all other segments of the total society†¦ to meet the varied and continuing educational needs of both youth and adults†¦ all must collaborate in providing appropriate educational opportunities for all citizens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During times of slow economic growth and high technological change, many industrial firms find themselves needing fewer employees or are forced to replace their workforce with individuals who have updated technological skills. With this in mind, the education system should find ways to adapt to the current employment needs of the society. Of the several kinds of process-oriented approaches to educational change (e.g. year round education or acquiring a higher counselor-student ratio), career education represents the most logical and certainly the most available approach for consideration by career guidance professionals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By joining forces, schools and industries can find ways to benefit one another. Teaching job-specific skills in the classroom can provide students with the necessary background for participating in summer internships. These internships will provide students with valuable work experience that will make them much more marketable upon graduation, not to mention give them extra money to save for college if they so desire. Summer work programs can also benefit the instructors so that they can keep up-to-date with the current advances in technology that influence the industries which they support.

Windows vs. Linux Pros and Cons

Unix VS. Windows Security Windows: Pros: File permissions (UAC) User account controls Antivirus to assist in the stopping of malware Supports many businesses related software’s and is used worldwide Cons: Infected account File permissions are vulnerable Antivirus is constantly required as well as updated definitions databases Most viruses target the windows OS because it is the most widespread OS on the planet. Viruses can be rewritten and hide themselves from antiviruses. Web application vulnerabilities Stability and Reliability, it has been proven that data loss has occurred mostly in windows based operating system environments rather than opposed to UNIX / LINUX based environments. Unix / Linux: Pros: Stability and Reliability are very HIGHLY rated for this OS File access permissions Linux = open source and can be altered to your liking All service daemons can be started and stopped via a terminal / bash shell scripting. Security tools are usually free and easy to download / update and maintain. Viruses and worms are less likely to be coded / formatted for the Unix OS due to the fact it makes for a more challenging environment to hack, and it is not as widespread as windows is so why waste time attempting to hack less than 5% of the earth’s population of people when you could simply code a virus for windows which is used more. Cons: Web application vulnerabilities Can have several compatibility issues for running certain software Large Learning curve if learned at an older age Ease of use can be a pain considering everything is performed from a shell.

The eNotes Blog Bring Up theBooker

Bring Up theBooker Yesterday the prestigious Man Booker prize was awarded, breaking two important records in the process. The lucky recipient Hilary Mantel became the first woman to win the award twice, and the first author to win it for a consecutive sequel. British author Mantel won her first Booker prize in 2009 with the historical fiction novel Wolf Hall. The story follows the rapid rise to power of Thomas Cromwell in the court of Henry VIII of England. From there, Mantel set to work on creating a trilogy from the acclaimed novel. Bring Up the Bodies, the winner of this years Man Booker prize, is the second installment in that trilogy. The novel picks up where its predecessor left off, detailing Anne Boleyns fall from grace and eventual execution. Sir Peter Stothard, chairman of the judging committee, had high praise for both Mantel and Bring Up the Bodies: She has recast the most essential period of our modern English history; we have the greatest modern English prose writer reviving possibly one of the best known pieces of English history  It is well-trodden territory with an inevitable outcome, and yet she is able to bring it to life as though for the first time. Canadian author Margaret Atwood, five times shortlisted for the Booker prize herself, had equally raving comments for Mantel in her Guardian review  of Bring Up the Bodies from May of this year: Literary invention does not fail her: shes as deft and verbally adroit as ever. On top of those accolades, Mantel will take home a  Ã‚ £50,000 prize, not to mention a massive boost in sales. So influential is the award on readers, that revenue for every Booker winner increases by at least  Ã‚ £1m. When Yan Martel took home the Booker in 2002, his novel Life of Pi soared to over  Ã‚ £10m in sales (thats over $16m). Although, we wouldnt say that Mantels sales of her latest book are exactly suffering According to the latest figures, Mantels Bring up the Bodies has sold 108,342 copies, which is more than the other 11 Man Booker longlisted novels combined. Add to that the fact that Mantels first two installments of the trilogy have already been set to be adapted into a BBC TV series, and were sure the author is quite happy with her recent success. In fact, her happy disbelief came across onstage as she accepted her award with a quip: You wait 20 years for a Booker Prize and two come along at once. I know how privileged and lucky I am to be standing here tonight. I regard this as an act of faith and a vote of confidence. Congratulations to Hilary Mantel, not just for winning this award, prestigious in its own right, but for winning it twice and being the first woman to do so. Cheers! No doubt our fascination with all things Tudor and deliciously bloodthirsty will continue when Mantel releases the finale to her trilogy, which she has already named The Mirror and the Light. Perhaps the third time will be a charm that brings this writer another feather in her already impressive cap.

Colleges That Superscore ACT Complete List

Colleges That Superscore ACT Complete List SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you taking the ACT? Before registering, you should knowhow admissions officers look at your scores. Do they consider Math, Science, Reading, and English individually, or do they care more about the composite score? You might be relieved to hear that many colleges "superscore" your ACT scores by taking the best subscores across all your test dates and creating the strongest possible composite score. Read on for the full list of colleges that superscore the ACT, followed by some tips on how you can use this policy to your advantage. ACT Scoring and Superscoring Before getting to the full list of colleges that superscore the ACT, let's quickly review how the ACT is scored. Each section of the ACT is given a scaled score between 1 and 36. These area scores are then averaged together to get your composite score, which also ranges between 1 and 36. If a college superscores the ACT, it will take your highest Math, Science, Reading, and English scores that you achieved on any of the dates you took the test. Then, it will average these together for a new composite so that you'll end up with your highest possible composite score. While superscoring means that you are much safer retaking the test many times, you still shouldn't treat retaking the ACT as having absolutely zero cost. Many superscoring ACT schools can still see all your scores, which can subconsciously affect how they view you as an applicant. For example, if you took the ACT more than six times and your scores were all over the place, admissions officers might wonder how seriously you're taking the test and whether your results are a true measure of your skills. As long as you don't overdo it, taking the ACT more than once can strongly work in your favor if you're applying to schools that superscore. Now that you know how ACT superscoring works, let's look at the colleges that superscore. Complete List of Schools That Superscore the ACT For this section, we've compiled a complete list of all schools that superscore ACT tests. In addition, we've included each school's official standardized testing policy and the link to its admissions page. This is the most comprehensive guide to ACT-superscoring colleges available online. Since policies can change, definitely contact your school(s) if you have any questions or want to double-check their scoring policies. If a school's policy states, "Contact school for information," this means the policy isn't available on the school's website (though multiple sources have confirmed that this school does superscore the ACT). If you're interested in applying to this type of school, contact it directly. School Official ACT Superscoring Policy Website Albion College Contact school for information Albion Admissions American University Test optional. Contact school for more information. American U Admissions Amherst College We will evaluate your application based on the most advantageous combination of scores for the SAT and/or ACT. Amherst Admissions Austin College Austin College accepts both the ACT or SAT and as policy we "super score." (We will take your highest subscores from different test dates and combine them to make a highest "super score." We feel what is important is that we see your highest potential in each sub-section, not just how you scored overall during one test session.) Austin College Admissions Babson College For students who have taken either the SAT or ACT more than once, Babson will superscore (use the best individual section scores) in reviewing their application. Babson Admissions Baylor University Contact school for information Baylor Admissions Bates The submission of standardized tests, such as the SAT, SAT subject tests, and ACT, is optional for all students applying to Bates. Bates Admissions Beloit College Submission of test scores (the ACT and SAT) is optional for most applicants. This policy allows applicants to decide for themselves whether or not their test results accurately reflect their academic ability and potential. Beloit Admissions Boston College For the ACT, Boston College will take your highest individual section scores and average them together, also known as "superscoring." BC Admissions Boston University May vary depending on program. Contact school for information. BU Admissions Bowdoin Test optional. If you do submit, though,Bowdoin superscores the ACT. The admissions committee will consider the highest submitted Composite score and subsection scores, and will also recalculate a new Composite score from subsection scores earned on different test dates. Bowdoin Admissions Brandeis Brandeis has a test-optional policy and no longer requires domestic applicants to submit SAT or ACT scores for the purpose of admission. Brandeis Admissions Bryn Mawr College SAT and ACT scores are optional for US citizens and permanent residents. Bryn Mawr Admissions Butler Butler University requires the SAT or ACT test for admission consideration.Students are recommended to take both exams if available, as Butler reviews the highest subscores for each test and uses your new high test score for an admission decision.Writing test scores are not required. Butler Admissions California Institute of Technology We require all applicants take the SAT or ACT, both of which we will superscore. Caltech Admissions Capital University We "superscore" your tests by taking your best sub-scores across multiple tests and averaging them together to create the best score possible for you. We will do this automatically as long as you send us copies of all of your test scores. We will always use the very highest result possible for both your admission decision and scholarship offer! Capital Admissions Claremont McKennaCollege The Admission Committee will take the highest score from the individual subsections of the ACT to give you the highest ACT Composite score. Claremont McKenna Admissions Colby Contact school for information Colby Admissions ColgateUniversity Colgate will superscore (combine the highest subscore a student receives for each test date submitted) within both the SAT and the ACT. We encourage all students to submit all of their testing and we will determine their best performance. Colgate Admissions College of the Holy Cross The submission of standardized test scores is optional. Contact school for more information. Holy Cross Admissions Colorado College You could choose to report the SAT Reasoning Test (SAT) or the ACT if you believe that these scores are the most accurate indicators of your academic performance and potential. If you select "Flexible Testing," we will select from the scores in our records the combination of test scores that is most advantageousto you. Colorado College Admissions Columbia University If you take an exam more than once, you will be evaluated on the highest score you received in any individual section. Columbia Admissions Connecticut College Test optional. We "superscore" the SAT Reasoning Test and use the combined highest composite score from the ACT. Conn College Admissions Cornell Contact school for information Cornell Admissions Davidson College Davidson superscores the ACT.We do not require the writing portion for either the new SAT or ACT. Davidson Admissions Denison Test optional. Contact school for information Denison Admissions DePauw University Contact school for information DePauw Admissions Dickinson College Dickinson's long-standing test-optional policy provides you with a choice regarding the submission of standardized test scores Dickinson Admissions Drexel Contact school for information Drexel Admissions Duke For students who choose to submit the ACT with writing, Duke will consider the highest composite score and highest scores on each section, regardless of test date, but will not recalculate the composite score. Duke Admissions Duquesne University We super score all tests, which means we take the highest of all components of each test and recalculate the highest possible score for you. Duquesne Admissions Eckerd College Eckerd will combine scores to create your best possible composite score. We accept either the ACT or the SAT and use the test on which you scored higher. Eckerd Admissions Elon University Contact school for information Elon Admissions Florida Atlantic University We super score by using the highest sub scores from multiple test dates to create the ACT composite and the SAT total. FAU Admissions Florida State University We use the highest earned SAT and ACT subscores to calculate their SAT total and/or ACT composite score (a process known as "superscoring"). FSU Admissions Georgia Tech We super score within the same test, using your highest section scores from any test date. Each time you submit new scores to us, we will update your record with your highest scores. We evaluate all your sub-section scores, not just the sum or composite. Georgia Tech Admissions Gettysburg College Standardized test scores from the SAT or ACT exams are reviewed in the overall context of a student's application and academic record. If a student has taken the SAT more than once, only their highest section scores across all SAT test dates will be considered as part of the final admissions decision. Gettysburg Admissions Grinnell College We consider your best superscored ACT composite scores. The essay component of both the ACT and the SAT is optional. Grinnell Admissions Hamilton College It is Hamilton's policy to select the testing options that will serve you best. We strongly encourage you to submit all of your testing to Hamilton and the Admission Committee will choose the best scores for you. Hamilton Admissions Harvey Mudd Contact school for information Harvey Mudd Admissions Haverford College Contact school for information Haverford Admissions Hawai'i Pacific University Contact school for information Hawai'i Pacific Admissions Hendrix College Hendrix utilizes a method called "super scoring" in which sub-scores from multiple tests are combined to form the highest composite score. Hendrix Admissions Hollins University Contact school for information Hollins Admissions Indiana University Bloomington We superscore, which means we'll consider your best test scores. For the ACT, we'll combine the highest scores for each subtest from different exams for a new ACT composite. IU Bloomington Admissions Ithaca College Contact school for information Ithaca College Admissions Johns Hopkins We also consider your highest combined score for the ACT. We'll find the maximum value of each official section score submitted, then recalculate the composite score. Johns Hopkins Admissions Kalamazoo College Contact school for information Kalamazoo Admissions Kenyon College Please note that Kenyon "super-scores" all results.This means that we will automatically compute a new composite score for both the SAT and ACT, if you've taken either test more than once. Kenyon Admissions Kettering University Contact school for information Kettering Admissions Lafayette College Contact school for information Lafayette Admissions Lawrence University Test optional. Contact school for more information. Lawrence Admissions Lehigh University Contact school for information Lehigh Admissions Loyola University Maryland Test optional. Contact school for information Loyola Admissions Miami University Miami superscores, using the highest test scores submitted for admission and scholarship consideration. For ACT, the highest scores for each subtest from different exams will determine a combined highest composite score. Miami University Admissions Middlebury Middlebury will "super score" standardized test results- we will accept the highest score from each section of the SAT, the ACT or SAT II Subject Tests, regardless of sitting, and sum the best scores across sittings of the same test. Middlebury Admissions MIT If you take the same test (SAT, ACT, or an SAT Subject Test) multiple times, we will consider the highest score achieved in each section. MIT Admissions Millsaps College Contact school for information Millsaps Admissions NYU Contact school for information NYU Admissions Northeastern Contact school for information Northeastern Admissions North Carolina State University We look at your highest sub-score from each section across your test dates to create a super-score so weencourage you to take the testmore than once and submit all your scores. NC State Admissions Olin College We take your best score from each test and disregard the others. Olin Admissions Pitzer Test optional. Contact school for information. Pitzer Admissions Pomona College We will consider your highest section scores on the SAT by superscoring; we will also superscore ACT section scores. Pomona Admissions Purdue We will always use the best available score for admission decisions and scholarship consideration and will not penalize you if earlier scores were lower. Purdue Admissions Regis Test optional. Contact school for information. Regis Admissions Rhode Island School of Design Contact school for information RISD Admissions Rochester Institute of Technology Contact school for information RIT Admissions Roger Williams Test optional.RWU will take your highest score from each section of the SAT regardless of the exam date. If you submit both an SAT and an ACT score, we will use the composite score that is in your best interest per the official concordance data. Roger Williams Admissions Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Contact school for information Rose-Hulman Admissions Saint Mary's College Contact school for information Saint Mary's Admissions Seattle University Seattle University employs the highest sub-scores on the ACT when making admission and scholarship decisions. Seattle Admissions Seton Hall University Seton Hall super scores the ACT. Seton Hall Admissions Spring Hill College Contact school for information Spring Hill Admissions Stanford For the ACT, we will review all subscores and will focus on the highest Composite and the highest English and writing scores from all test sittings. Stanford Admissions Syracuse Contact school for information Syracuse Admissions Texas Christian University If you submit scores from more than one sitting of the ACT, we will consider your highest section scores across multiple sittings or test dates ("Super-Score"). We will consider your highest English, Math, Reading, and Science scores even if you earn them on separate test dates for the ACT. TCU Admissions Towson University Contact school for information Towson Admissions Trinity College Test optional. If you decide to submit standardized test scores, Trinity will accept the highest scores on all tests (they need not be from the same exam date). Trinity College Admissions Trinity University Trinity University will super score standardized test scores by taking the best subtest score and creating a new composite score regardless of test date. Trinity U Admissions Troy University Contact school for information Troy Admissions Tufts University When taken multiple times, we will use your highest sub-score for each section. Tufts Admissions University of Arkansas Contact school for information U Arkansas Admissions University of Chicago We will superscore both the SAT and the ACT, meaning that if you have taken either test more than once, you should submit all your scores, and we will add your highest subsection scores together to give you the highest possible combined score. U Chicago Admissions University of Colorado- Boulder Your highest scores are used in the admission decision. If you take the same test more than once, we combine your scores on each subsection to give you the highest overall score. U Colorado Admissions University of Connecticut We will combine the highest scores from each subsection of an exam to create the best overall score (within same exam formats) for exams taken more than once. U Conn Admissions University of Dayton Contact school for information U Dayton Admissions University of Delaware Contact school for information U Delaware Admissions University of Denver If you've taken either test more than once, we'll combine the best scores from the individual sections of each test to create an ideal "superscore." U Denver Admissions University of Georgia If a student takes the SAT or ACT more than once, we will consider the best scores we receive for each section on either exam. U Georgia Admissions University of Maryland We use the highest subscores from the SAT and ACT in our review of your application. U Maryland Admissions University of Mary Washington Test optional. Contact school for information. U Mary Washington Admissions UMass Amherst Contact school for information U Mass Admissions University of Miami We will use the highest composite score from among each test that you've taken. This is called super scoring. There is no limit to the number of test scores you may submit to us for your application. University of Miami Admissions University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill If you send us scores from multiple test dates, we'll take your highest score for each section of the test and consider those scores as we evaluate your application. UNC Admissions University of North Texas Contact school for information UNT Admissions University of Pennsylvania For the ACT, we consider the highest individual English, Math, Reading, and Science scores across test sittings. UPenn Admissions University of Pittsburgh We will use the highest of the SAT superscore or the ACT composite score in reviewing your application for admission. U Pitt Admissions University of Puget Sound Test optional. Contact school for information. Puget Sound Admissions University of Rhode Island We "superscore" your ACT results ... using the English, math, reading and science sections. Rhode Island Admissions University of Rochester Only your highest SAT or ACT sub-scores will be considered in our final decision, even if they are from different test dates. U Rochester Admissions University of South Florida The University of South Florida considers your highest submitted section scores across all SAT and ACT test dates. Final admission decisions will be made using only your highest cumulative scores. Each time you submit test scores to USF, we will update your record with any new high scores. USF Admissions University of Tampa Contact school for information U Tampa Admissions University of Tennessee We use the super scoring method of combining test scores into a new composite score. U Tennesse Admissions University of Vermont Applicants are encouraged to send scores from every SAT or ACT test date in which they received a top score in each section.Final admissions decisions are based only on your highest section scores, and UVM updates applicant records each time we receive new scores. U Vermont Admissions University of Virginia For the ACT, we look at the best composite score and the best subscores, regardless of whether those subscores are from the administration where the best composite was earned. UVA Admissions University of Washington Superscoring refers to the practice of taking a student's best section scores across all exam sittings to combine for the best overall score. The UW does superscore. UW Admissions Valparaiso University We evaluate the ACT or SAT according to your "superscore," which is a composition of your best subscores regardless of test date. Be sure to send in all your test scores for consideration. Valparaiso Admissions Vassar College In assessing ACT scores, Vassar uses the highest subscores taken from multiple test dates and recalculates a new composite score. Vassar Admissions Villanova University The Admission Committee will superscore the highest subscores from the SAT and/or ACT from multiple test dates. Villanova Admissions Virginia Commonwealth University Contact school for information VCU Admissions Virginia Tech Contact school for information Virginia Tech Admissions Wake Forest University Test optional. Contact school for information. Wake Forest Admissions Washington and Lee University [W]e will combine your best section scores from multiple tests to produce your highest SAT or ACT score. W L Admissions Washington University in St. Louis For the ACT, Washington University considers your highest section scores across all the test dates that you submit. Each time you submit scores, we will update your record with any new high scores (so-called "Super Scores"). WUSTL Admissions Wesleyan University Test optional. We will recalculate a new composite ACT score from subsections taken on different dates. Wesleyan Admissions West Point (US Military Academy) Contact school for information West Point Admissions West Virginia University WVU combines the highest sub-scores from different test dates to create a "super score" total or composite for admissions and scholarship consideration eligibility. WVU Admissions Wheaton College The submission of standardized test results is optional for all candidates. Wheaton Admissions Williams College Contact school for information Williams Admissions Xavier University Contact school for information Xavier Admissions Let us know in the comments if we missed any schools, or if any schools have changed so we can provide you with the most updated list! If you're applying to colleges on this list, how dotheir superscoring policiesaffect your ACT testing plan? Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically. Free eBook: 5 Tips to 4+ Points on the ACT // Tips for Applying to Superscoring Schools If your college superscores the ACT, you should, too! What I mean by this is that you can concentrate on one to two sections for each test date to build up your highest ACT superscore. If this is your strategy, you will have to start taking the ACT tests earlier to ensure that you have enough test dates to maximize your score. Some schools require that you send all of your scores from every time you took the ACT, so we do not recommend having huge fluctuations in your section scores. In other words, give your best effort on every administration of the test. However, this focused study plan may help you build a strong "superscore" that's a great asset to your college application. Every piece of your application is important to building a successful whole. By carefully crafting a testing plan, researching your schools' policies, and preparing strategically and intensively for test day, you'll be well on your way to creating an outstanding college application! What's Next? Now that you know all of the colleges that superscore ACT tests, the goal now is to improve your ACT score as much as possible.First, what's a good ACT score? Read our article on good, bad, and excellent ACT scores so you can identify and prepare for your target score. Next step, preparation! We've compiled all free ACT practice tests available today so you can get started on tons of practice questions. Want to get a perfect 36 ACT score? Read a perfect scorer's guide to acing the ACT. Need help on a specific section of the ACT? Read our guides to getting a 36 on ACT English, ACT Math, and ACT Reading. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically. Free eBook: 5 Tips to 4+ Points on the ACT // Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Rebecca Safier About the Author Rebecca graduated with her Master's in Adolescent Counseling from the Harvard Graduate School of Education. She has years of teaching and college counseling experience and is passionate about helping students achieve their goals and improve their well-being. She graduated magna cum laude from Tufts University and scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 49

Case Study Example This value chain management ensures timely delivery of the products in the market. Moreover, the products are low cost and relatively affordable. Zara is has a customer-centered approach to the market. Besides having to consider great value and quality, the company also uses its resources to ensure that the products reaching the customers is at low cost. Providing fashion at low cost has remained one of the company’s strength and the means behind the market share claim. The target market for the clothing is the customers with medium to high purchasing power. This includes those individuals who are fashion conscious and who want to look fashionable at all times. In my opinion, this helps the company to compete well with other fashion companies in the world. Being customer-centered, the company has market researchers in every part of the world where their presence is felt. This allows the company to respond directly to consumers’ needs. Further, the company has focused on research-based designing and innovativeness. This helps to create brands that the consumers can appreciate and that are ready to capture their attention and hence compete well in the market (Kumar, 2005). The success of any company depends on both the internal and external environment of the organization. Zara Company has a strong organization structure that ensures its success. With a well-structured management and a long-time experience in the market, the company has an easy time navigating the market and creating new environments. The company’s presence in 74 countries in the world also contribute to its success. This is because for a company to be successful. It must be able to secure a wide customer base that will ensure maximum and consistent source of revenue. This expansive strategy has allowed the company to be relevant to the emerging markets and to create a market share for itself as compared to many of the

Argument Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Argument Summary - Essay Example Therefore, government legislator and the airlines should provide enough time for the crewmembers to rest. Ordinarily, the nature of the work of the pilot is complex and this therefore calls for keenness, concentration and a high level of reasoning. This is because a slight error caused by sleep or slumber can be very tragic. Normally rest is important for any living creature so as to enhance vigilance. Pilots being human are not an exemption. They are therefore prone to error. (Nicole 23) In their published journal, International Journal of Aviation Psychology (1997), Wiegmann Douglas & Shappell Scott states that about 60% to 80% of military accidents and other aviation accidents in US are usually caused by human error. These errors involve poor decision making, the loss of situational awareness, and misleading information. These factors cause fatigue, which emanates from a lack of enough rest. The increasing rates of accidents prove that there are inadequate rests among the pilots. Normally, the pilots with a short layover have a significantly slower response speed than a pilot with longer layover time Therefore, the pilots do find shorter layover more fatigued than longer international layover. According The Journal of Biological & Medical Rhythm Research, Nicole stated that pilots are required to fly only 8 hours in one day.However; the airlines have their way to go around this rule since they overwork the pilots. A pilot is to fly for 8 hours, and then rest for 10 hours. Most of the airlines will probably make him/her fly the return flight, which makes him fly for more than he/she should fly in one day. This causes fatigue, which has been a major source of accidents. (Nicole 23) Although it is argued that the FAA increased the minimum rest time for pilots from eight hours to ten hours. The Fact Sheet – Pilot Fatigue Rule Comparison, 2011 states that the time is technically not enough because pilots need to have eight hours of