The Core Functions of Public Health Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Core Functions of Public Health - Case Study Example alth prospects of the citizens and to check the power of the state over maintaining autonomy, privacy, freedom, and proprietary stakes of people and businesses. Incidentally, without sound public health law infrastructure a government cannot cater to the interests of the community by controlling injury and disease, and service the cause of the community health. Some of the examples of how public health laws are implemented include creating awareness among the people. It is similar to prevention strategies so that wrong practices are discouraged through knowledge providing. Government provides education and incentives for adhering to socially good practices through health communication campaigns. Positive behavioral change is brought about by public health authorities to change product design considering the safety aspect of the people. Wrong product designs are checked by the government, asking proprietors to apply safety parameters or face tort system. The surrounding physical, informational, social or economic scenario can be changed through the application of law. For instance, it is expected from the manufacturers, producers, and various goods and services providers to follow labeling procedures correctly. Instructions are issued by the government over the limited promotion of unhealthy products. For example, housing and building codes are enforced to avoid injury and disease and reduce emissions into the environment so that air pollution could be checked. These are various informational tools. The government uses them for the overall health of the people and to promote the cause of their health in general. All these measures are taken by the government under the public health law, which is the basic responsibility of the government. The five essential traits of the article are based on the definition of public health law. It defines public health law, as the analysis of legal rights and duties of the state to provide them with healthy living conditions and

Does America Want an Unmotivated Society Essay Example for Free

Does America Want an Unmotivated Society Essay I. Introduction Marijuana is the name given in the United States to the drug produced from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. The use of cannabis derivatives under such names as hashish, charas, bhang, and ganja is widespread throughout the world. The most active ingredient of the plant derivative is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The potency of this chemical is indicated by the fact that the average street sample of marijuana contains less than .5% THC. Some samples are considerably higher in THC content; thus, effects from the drug vary according to its quality, meaning its THC content. The flowering parts of the plant contain the greatest amounts of THC (Goode 567). These are usually dried and smoked, but they may be made into a drink somewhat like tea or blended into various cooking recipes. Somehow, marijuana has been used for some medications but it is not a valid ground to legalize it because it has negative effects to human bodies. Moreover, marijuana is still illegal in most places. Under federal law a person can be sentenced to up to one year in jail or a $5000 fine, or both, for simple possession of marijuana. Every year about 400,000 people are arrested for possession; about 80 percent are under age 26. Marijuana is being used as legal medical therapy for several conditions. Careful studies have shown that it is effective in treating severe nausea in cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy. Older patients seem to respond less than younger patients do and complain more about side effects, including feeling â€Å"stoned.† The purpose of this present study is to scrutinize whether marijuana should be legalized or not. It will also tackle how marijuana will greatly affect the individuals that our country needs most, like the workforce or the man- power. II. Background Marijuana has been used for thousands of years, both as a medicine and for its intoxicating effects. In the form of tablets, marijuana is frequently prescribed to relieve the nausea and vomiting that often accompany chemotherapy. Its non-medical use, however, is illegal in the United States and most other countries. The penalties for possessing or using marijuana are, in many states, as severe as those imposed for the possession or use of much more potent drugs. Many argue that marijuana is no more harmful than cigarettes and liquor and should be legalized. Most marijuana used in United States is smoked—either as cigarettes or in pipes. Its effects vary with its strength, and to a great extent with the state of mind of the user (Earleywine 149). Typically, a sense of well being is experienced. In large countries, marijuana is considered as hallucinogen—a drug that produces hallucinations. Although marijuana does not produce a physical dependence in the user, there is evidence that it can produce psychological dependence. Research indicates that marijuana has serious effects on the body. It can impair memory, speech, and learning. It exposes the lungs to high levels of tar and to over 150 other chemicals. Many of these can irritate the lining of the lungs, causing inflammation and bronchitis in some cases. Marijuana decreases the production of male and female sex hormones and may cause infertility n some individuals. Pregnant women should refrain from smoking marijuana since it can cross the placenta and affect the fetus (Earleywine 150). Some authorities believe that the heavy use of marijuana may harm the body’s immune system by impairing the development of monocytes, cells that stimulate antibody production and kill foreign cells. Although no direct cause-and-effect link between found, a person who consistently uses marijuana may be likely to abuse other, stronger drugs. The use of marijuana can be dangerous to a person taking part in any activity in which quick reflexes and clear thinking are necessary (Goode 575). III. Discussion A. Effects of Marijuana Many perceptual and emotional effects follow marijuana smoking. Sensory experience may become more intense; smells are richer, textures feel more sensuous, objects are seen as more beautiful, sounds are more brilliant, and ideas flow more freely, although they may be disjointed. The person may experience an emotional high in which he or she feels joyful, tranquil, and happy. The effects of marijuana, however, are like those of other drugs; they very much depend on the person and the setting. Taken in a pleasant, relaxed social situation, marijuana can be quite unpleasant (Earleywine 123). Also, people who are naturally paranoid, suspicious, or aggressive may become more so under the influence of marijuana; the calm, better-adjusted users are more apt to experience a euphoric high. Moreover, most people use marijuana for the altered states it produces. These states are a little easier to control than those produced by other hallucinogenic drugs, unless the dosage is very high. At low to moderate dosages, hallucinations are not present. Instead, the person typically reports of calmness, increased sensory awareness, changes in space and time, and increased appetite, often with a craving for sweets. At higher dosages, the person may experience thought disturbances, rapid emotional changes, a loss of attention, and a sense of panic. Marijuana has been one of the most researched drugs in the history of pharmacology, and there is still considerable disagreement about its short-term and long-term effects (Belenko 34). It was made an illicit drug in the United States, and many states have established harsh penalties for those convicted of possession of even small amounts. In the recent years, there has been a move toward decriminalization of marijuana. Although this policy would not legalize the drug, it would establish more appropriate punishments, for example, fines instead of imprisonment for possession of small amounts for personal use (Belenko 66). The growing consensus of research on marijuana would suggest that it is not a safe drug. Indeed, it is doubtful whether any drug taken frequently by choice is advisable. Many researchers have concluded that smoking marijuana is no more dangerous, and perhaps even less so, than smoking cigarettes or using alcohol. The issue, though, is frequency of use. The literature on chronic users of marijuana—that is, people who use it a lot and over a long period of time—suggests rather strongly that there are serious deficits in some cognitive abilities such as memory. In addition, heavier users experience some undesirable personality changes, problems with sleep, deficits in psychomotor abilities such as driving, and changes in motivational levels that produce apathy and a lack of striving for achievement. Finally, there are a number of factors that influence the effect of a particular drug (Earleywine 145). There are factors associated with the drug, including its purity and the method of its purity and the method of its administration. Subject variables that are important include body weight, metabolic rate, whether or not the person has eaten, general state of health, and previous experience with the drug. In trying to predict how any one person will react to a drug, these factors, and many others, must be taken into account. But there is another important variable that plays a major role in drug reactions, and too often its effects are overlooked ( Baron 119).   That variable is the user’s expectation of the drug’s effect. Research has shown that the experience many drug users will have is not just a result of the physiological and biochemical changes produced by the drug, but also depends on how they think they are supposed to respond, or how they see others around them responding. These factors must also be considered when evaluating the reasons for altered states of consciousness through drug use. a.)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Respiratory effects: Because marijuana smoke is deeply inhaled, retained in the lungs, and contains many of the same harmful ingredients as tobacco smoke, users show signs of impaired lung functioning when compared to nonusers. Like tobacco smoke, marijuana smoke contains carcinogenic agents, but since many pot smokers also tobacco, it has been hard to isolate marijuana’s impact on lung cancer. At this point, the evidence is merely suggestive (Earleywine 156). b.)  Ã‚     Immune system: Animal studies have suggested that marijuana can dampen the body’s resistance to disease, but no studies have been done to confirm or refute this danger in human beings (Earleywine 156). c.)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mental effects: While there is no evidence that marijuana causes the brain to shrink, it can lead to a motivational syndrome, which researchers define as a mental dulling, emotional blunting, and loss of drive and goal-directedness (Earleywine 156). IV. Why should it be legalized? Marijuana is being used as legal medical therapy for several conditions. Careful studies have shown that it is effective in treating severe nausea in cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy. Older patients seem to respond less well than younger patients and complain more about side-effects, including feeling â€Å"stoned.† Researchers are continuing studies of marijuana’s possible usefulness in reducing pressure within the eye in glaucoma and in treating muscle spasticity (Goode 575). Marijuana has been used for thousands of years, both as a medicine and for its intoxicating effects. In the form of tablets, marijuana is frequently prescribed to relieve the nausea and vomiting that often accompany chemotherapy. Its non-medical use, however, is illegal in the United States and most other countries. The penalties for possessing or using marijuana are, in many states, as severe as those imposed for the possession or use of much more potent drugs. Many argue that marijuana is no more harmful than cigarettes and liquor and should be legalized ( Julien 489) V. Conclusion Marijuana serves as a hindrance for people to achieve high and be successful. Due to its ill effects it stops them from being an achiever and it causes them to be ill motivated. They will see things in a different outlook because of the side effects of marijuana. Yes, Marijuana could help medically but let us consider how greatly it will exploit the individual’s body. At low moderate doses, marijuana acts somewhat like alcohol and some tranquilizers, and like alcohol, the drug takes effects within minutes. Unlike alcohol, marijuana at low doses does not dull sensation but may cause slight alterations in perception, so that it is unsafe to drive a car for as long as 4 to 6 hours after a single joint. After the thorough studies, I therefore conclude that marijuana should not be legalized because it has more negative effects than positive. If our nation legalized the use of marijuana, many people including young and old suffer the above mentioned negative effects. On the other hand, the use of marijuana should be case to case basis and should only be used for medications. Generally, Marijuana does not do any good to the people. It only destroys them and eventually it will be bombarded to our economy because they are the one’s working, the citizen of a country and if the usage of Marijuana will be legalized it will just give a detrimental effec t to a country’s economy.

Most Important World Famous Educationists Theology Religion Essay

Most Important World Famous Educationists Theology Religion Essay Plato and Rousseau are the most important world famous educationists who have contributed much to the advancement of human civilization. Present education system of the world stands on both the above thinkers. Platos educational philosophy was grounded in his famous work The Republic, The Laws wherein the individual was best served by being subordinated to a just society. Rousseau wrote in his book Emile, Discourse of Political Economy, The New Heloise and Considerations on the Government of Poland. In keeping in mind the philosophies, ideas of Plato and Rousseau on education theory discussed above, this study focuses on the similarities and dissimilarities between these two philosophers share in regard of philosophy of education. It also aims at finding out the influences among the education theories of Plato and Rousseau have on contemporary and succeeding generations. All over the world in general, and at measuring the influences reflected in planning and designing the national education policy in Bangladesh in particular. 1.2 Rationale of the Study This research is mainly for gathering knowledge. Every movement or social situation has a chronology. Without understanding this chronology, it is difficult to understand the current situation of that movement. Plato and Rousseaus Education theories contributed much to the salvation of their country men which is really praiseworthy. Their theoretical and practical efforts helped to break the long standing superstitions, blind faith and absurd ideas. This study will be a matter of great teaching for the present and succeeding generations that will fulfill the knowledge gap existing in this area. Their realistic and utilitarian views on education certainly will play an effective role in preparing modern citizens fit for modern world. The investigated information drawn from the comparative study on the education theory of Plato and Rousseau in planning and designing can be used in the formulation of national education policy of our country. 1.3 General Objective of the Study The general objective of the study is to Analyze a comparative study on the educational theory of Plato and Rousseau. 1.4 Specific Objectives of the Study The specific objectives of the study are to Assess, evaluate and compare the philosophy of education developed by Plato and Rousseau. Find out the influence of their philosophy of education on contemporary and succeeding generations. Assess the role of Philosophy of Plato and Rousseau in planning and designing the national education policy in our country. 1.5 Research Questions of the Study What did Plato and Rousseau mean by philosophy of education? What roles did Plato and Rousseau play to the development of the philosophy of education? What influences did the philosophies of education of Plato and Rousseau have on the contemporary philosophers and thinkers? What are the results to be drawn from the comparative study between the philosophies of education of Plato and Rousseau? What roles of philosophy of Plato and Rousseau in planning and deigning the national education policy in our country? 1.6 Definition of Key Terms Education Etymologically, the word education is derived from Educare (Latin) bring up, which is related to Educere bring out, bring forth what is within, bring out potential and Ducere to lead (Source www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=educate; video.ted.com/talks/podcast/AimeeMullins_2009p.mp4). Theory Some social researchers have meant by theory special ideas such as- concept, frame of reference, conceptual scheme, perspective, hypothesis, generalization, ideal type, paradigm, typology etc. (Alam, 1993, p. 107) Education theory Educational theory may refer to either speculative educational thought in general or to a theory of education as something that guides, explains or describes educational practice. Philosophy Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind and language. 1.7 Scope of the Study This research will cover Plato and Rousseaus thoughts along with the Major writings on them. Available information on them from Magazines and newspapers of that time are also used to find out their actual philosophy of education. We shall discuss their philosophy of education along with the thoughts of other philosophers who have contributed much to the development of education in modern society. We shall assimilate the ideas of Plato and Rousseau with the ideas of other philosophers of education. In this way the researcher would make a comprehensive study on the philosophy of education. 1.8 Limitations of the Study The study would be mainly based on printed documents such as various articles, essays, journals, books and research works done on the comparative study on the educational theory of Plato and Rousseau. Concurrently all information from individuals related to the present study needs more time and money. There are only few research work conducted on the issue and very few articles might be published on the journals but the researcher did not find any research work on that issue in Bangladesh. Chapter 2: Review of Literature Reviewing literature means study of other literatures for finding out the research gap. So far as the researcher has surveyed, this is a new field to study. The researcher has gone through all the writings of Plato, as well as good number of books written on him such as: The Republic, Laws etc. The researcher also reviewed books written by Rousseau. These are: Emile, Discourse on Equality, A discourse on political Economy, Social contract etc. Here, the researcher has presented some studies related to Plato and Rousseaus education theory by different researchers like Patricia M. Lines, Shackling the Imagination: Education for Virtue in Plato and Rousseau. Many aspects of Platos recommendations for education resemble those adopted by constitutional democracies in different countries. According to him education must be compulsory and free to all, with government control and support. Plato identified four interdependent virtues (Wisdom, Courage, Discipline and Justice) as essential to b e ideal in The Republic. Wisdom guides the philosopher-ruler. Courage moves the auxiliaries (the soldiers and the bureaucrats). Discipline, sometimes translated as moderation, assures that each class carries out its assigned role and that the governed obey the governors. Justice- the supreme ordering principle-ensures harmony and balance within the individual and the state. These virtues should lead to a full understanding of the Truth, the Good and the Beautiful, which according to Plato is the highest reality. Like Plato, Rousseau aims at creating an ideal citizen. Unlike Plato, he wants to prepare this citizen for democracy. Rousseau regards virtue as the ultimate goal of education. He offers a simple rule. Emile the Hero in his book must never harm another. To achieve this goal, the tutor isolates the children from others. Both Plato and Rousseau offer a limited view of virtue. Still, both reveal a certainty that they fully understand and know how to encourage the right virtues. (www.amazon.com/shackling-immagination-education-rousseau-humanitas/dp/b0043uonp08) Samuel Scolnicov, Plato on Education as the Development of Reason. Plato stresses his Socrates new concept of reason (nous). Reason is not a tool for attaining goals independently thought worthwhile: possessions, honor, personal and political success; rather, rationality itself, expressed in the giving of reasons and the avoidance of contradictions, confers value to goals and opinions. The ultimate educational objective, then, is to bring about a revolution in the learners perception of the role of reason, namely the recognition of its normative, and not merely theoretical or instrumental nature. Platos theory of education aims at specifying the conditions of the growth of the Socratic man, whose soul is free from contradictions and whose excellence is justified knowledge.(www.bu.edu/wcp/papers/Anci/Anciscol.htm) Farhan Zainulabideen, A Critical Review of the Aims of Education in the Western Traditi on. Plato is the earliest important thinker on education. He is also the first to have laid down a comprehensive outlook of education that was integrated with his views of society and its aims. In Republic, Platos primary aim of education is to produce the elites needed to govern the ideal city. The supreme product of the education process is the philosopher-king who rules the city. The highest aim of education for Plato is the knowledge of good, which in turn instills the four great virtues: wisdom, courage, discipline and justice. Jean-Jacques Rousseaus intellectual range and achievements are staggering. He made epochal contributions to political theory, literature and education. His educational tract, Emile, transformed the debate about children upbringing and was very largely instrumental in altering the Western perception of childhood. He overturned conventional wisdom on the nature of childhood and education with a radical discourse in this fictional novel. The fundamentals of Rousseaus educational creed are nature and freedom. He believed that children should develop their skill and capacity in nature and enjoy freedom. This goal in education was actually the first step in ensuring a more social society, where natural law is seen to accomplish harmony and balance and to get rid of artificial man-imposed coercive restrictions (http//www.ips.org.pk/education/IIII-acriticalreviewoftheaimsof education). Plato was disturbed by condition of society, its corruption and shallow-dreams. In his famous work The Republic, Plato tried to teach Good and beauty to his students (Lee, 1987, p. 161). Jean-Jacques Rousseau convinced that men and women had lost their worth that can be revived in natural phenomena so that we might learn to live together in ways that foster a better ethics of citizenship (Bloom, 1979, p. 25). Rousseau believes that the primary goal of education is to prepare men and women to be moral agents who, while living autonomously, also live with each other. Many researches have been done on various aspects of Plato and Rousseau. But no research has yet been done on the problem of education theory of Plato and Rousseau. So there may be some gap in this field. For this reason this problem may be an important issue of a research work. The present study is such an attempt. Chapter 3: Methodology The methodology of the present research is descriptive and qualitative. Generally descriptive research is done on education related problem, academic decision making, designing plan, changing the curriculum and etc.(Samad, 2010, p.21) Qualitative research is done on some qualitative events or topics (that are related with quality). Qualitative research is very important especially in behaviorism. Because through education the personality of a man changes. (Tapan, 1987, p.21) The main characteristic of the descriptive research is to provide reasonable explanation of the topic through data analysis. So it is found that descriptive research not only includes the description of the event or situation/state/condition but also includes comparative discussion, classification, explanation and evaluation.(Ali, 1988, p.19) In a descriptive research a researcher does not control the data. Only the process of observation, description and analysis of data can be controlled.(Zaman, 1987, p.7) Aristotle for the first time used deductive method in case of presenting descriptive method through argument and after a century later Francis Bacon used the direct observational method. This method is known as inductive method. In this method data are collected sequentially from every field and decision is made. Inductive method is from particular to general. On the other hand, deductive method is from general to particular. (Zaman, 1987, p.11, 12) So, Qualitative and Descriptive method fits well in accomplishing the present research study from the selection of the materials till the completion of the research work. It includes the collection of material leaving no gap in the connected aspects of the study, the scanning of the materials, their systematization and synchronization so that clear vision becomes apparent to complete the dissertation. Moreover, this method also covers, while writing the thesis, the arguments in favor of and against the problem raised and then ratification of powerful opinion with convincing evidences and arguments. First the information has been collected from primary and secondary sources. The writings of Plato and Rousseau have been considered as the Primary data (Plato: The Republic and The Laws. Rousseau: Emile, Discourse of Political Economy, The New Heloise, and Considerations on the Government of Poland) and the writings on Plato and Rousseau published in various books, journals, article and r esearch works have been considered as the Secondary data. The researcher has identified the contradiction carefully among educational theory of Plato and Rousseau maintaining strict objectivity to fulfill the aims and purpose of the present study. The collected data have been analyzed in order to find out the similarity and dissimilarity between Plato and Rousseau and by their thinking what kind of philosophy developed and influenced the succeeding generations. The researcher has used the logical analysis for data analysis. The researcher has followed the American Psychological Association (APA) code and conduct for using the reference. Chapter 4: Plato Platos Philosophy of Education Platos educational philosophy was grounded in his vision of the ideal The Republic, The Laws wherein the individual was best served by being subordinated to a just society. Plato proposes a thoroughgoing communism for the guardians, and (I think) also for the soldiers, though this is not very clear. The guardians are to have small houses and simple food; they are to live as in a camp, dining together in companies; they a re to have no private property beyond what is absolutely necessary (Russell, 1946, p. 127). Socialism is now out-dated in the present world. Most of the people in the world now believe in individual freedom. The system that Plato has talked about for philosophers with a view to building an ideal state is not effective in most of the countries including Bangladesh. The Educational Theory of Plato Platos Theory of education was an indispensable necessity for mankind. It was a positive remedy for the problems and operation of justice in an ideal state. Rousseau says, Platos Republic is not a work on polities but the finest treatise on education that has ever been written. Nothing was more important to Plato in human life as education. He considers education the greatest thing in human life as he mentions in his famous book The Republic, the one great thing. Major ideas in Platos educational theory are Education for all: Plato would educate every boy and girl to the limits of their abilities. State education: Education should be provided by the state, not by parents. Platos suggestion was that the state will take the responsibility of educating the whole nation has been accepted in most of the countries. But it is not still properly implemented in Bangladesh because of her scarcity of fund and inability of parents but the country is trying to educate her all children. Aims of Education To produce future civil servants for the state. To produce virtuous, efficient and intellectual rulers for the country. To glorify courage and military skill among the warriors. To develop competent, obedient, and temperate workers. To develop a social disposition among all citizens. Virtue is knowledge and education is the main thing to acquire virtue. (Bhuiyan, 2010, p. 269) It (Platos theory of education) is an attempt to cure a mental malady by mental medicine (Barker, 1967, p. 314). Element of Platos Education System The first thing should be considered in education, which is divided into two parts- Music Music used in broad term for drama, history, art, letters, philosophy, oratory and music in real term. Music means everything that is in the province of the muses (Russell, 1946, p. 126). Plato had made Protagoras speak of childrens training in music as introducing rhythm and harmony into their souls and having a socializing influence; for the whole life of man stands in need of rhythm and harmony. Music is almost as wide as what we should call culture (Cornford, 1941, p. 86). Music is not taught as a compulsory subject in our country as it was advocated by Plato. Nevertheless there are individual departments of Music and Theatre in public universities where students with special interests can study music. Gymnastic Gymnastic means physical training and fitness (Russell, 1946, p. 126). Gymnastics is somewhat wider than what we call athletics. The physical training suitable for a citizen soldier is briefly contrasted with that of the professional athlete. Finally, it appears that physical training, no less than education in literature and the arts, really has to do with the soul (Cornford, 1941, p. 90). Physical exercise is not taught as a compulsory subject in our country as it was advocated by Plato. But there are individual departments of Physical Exercise in public universities where students with special interests can study physical exercise. Physical exercise is of paramount importance in Bangladesh Army. In every institution in Bangladesh there is a course on physical exercise which is mandatory in military institutions only. Plato writes in his book The Republic. I believe, gymnastic, for the body, and music for the mind. The Curriculum of Platos Education System Plato define different stages for the organization and curriculum Primary Education: Primary education mainly consisted of reading and writing (Grammatic); learning and reciting epic and dramatic poetry, lyre-playing and singing lyric poetry, the rudiments of arithmetic and geometry (Music); and athletic exercises (Gymnastic) (Cornford, 1941, p. 65). Co-education at primary level till the age of eighteen years.The age that Plato has advocated for primary education is not totally accepted in our country. Rather it is confined within 6 to 11 years. In our country primary education is free and compulsory. The compulsory primary education law what Plato has talked about has been passed in Bangladesh in 1992. Military Training: After elementary education two years of Physical education should be given to them and be selected for higher education to prepare for the future guardians of the state. Military education is not compulsory in our country as Plato has proposed. It is only compulsory for those who are physically fit and interested in taking military training. Higher Education: Higher education should be given from twenty to thirty-five years of age. At this stage a student will study mathematics, arithmetic, geometry, solid geometry, astronomy, harmonics, dialectic, program of studies, literature and philosophy. Later on he would be fit for a minor administrative position to get experience for the future more important governing positions. (Cornford, 1941, p. 230). Our education system is not very lengthy as Plato has advocated. In our country one can enter into any profession after completing ones higher education or can study for getting M.Phil and Ph.D degree. Plato has divided his educational curriculum into two levels. They are as follows: Primary level of education Higher level of education/ Higher education. Primary Education First stage (0-06) Up to 6 years children will be provided with education to flourish his/her latent talents. Meanwhile they will be taught politeness, mannerism and good taste. Second stage (06-18) From 6 to 18 years children will be taught only literature, music, and preliminary education on mathematics. Meanwhile children will be able to attain the great qualities such as self-control, disciplinary, punctuality, and the belief on the God. Third stage (18-20) Age from 18 to 20 years will be fixed for students physical exercise and military education. There will be no chance to teach any other subject within this time. The main purpose of this stage is to keep body fit and strong. Those who will succeed in the test at the end of the primary level will get the opportunity of receiving higher education. Higher education First stage (20-30) This stage covers from 20 to 30 years. In this stage human beings will acquire knowledge on astrology, higher math, geometry, and music. In this stage they will be taught very carefully on these subjects and there will be an attempt to establish the relationship between math and reality. Second stage (30-35) This stage ranges from 30 to 35 years. In this stage students will be taught philosophy, logic and metaphysics etc. Third stage (35-50) This stage covers the time from 35 to 50 years. In this stage the students will acquire practical knowledge by combining their acquired knowledge and their real life experience, and they will be vested with small responsibilities of the state (Talukder and Awal, 2011, p. 95, 96). Plato classified the stages of education 2500 hundred years ago which has been adopted and differently categorized in four stages to meet the demands of the modern time. These stages are primary education, secondary education, higher secondary education and higher education. Platos View on Women Education Plato also gives emphasis on women education and he prescribes the same kind of education for women like men. Women should have the same physical and educational training; they should know the art of war. The main aim of Plato was that each member of the society should undertake his work and responsibilities. Plato believed that women are equal to men and in some cases women are physically weaker than men or may not. He suggested that those who are equal to men should be allowed to learn the same thing like men. In his book The Republic Plato describes how male and female receive the same education and be given the same duties in society. Thus the male and the female should be given the same duty of The Republic. (Cornford, 1941, p. 141) Platos opinion regarding women education has received the attention of the people of all over the world and the present world has accepted the ideas of Plato. It has also been accepted in Bangladesh which has enormously enriched the nation. As a resu lt, there is seen the empowerment of women folk. Platos opinion about women education has been received almost in many countries in the present world. The outcome of women education is as we see that many women, the Prime Minister, foreign minister, opposition party leader are in various important positions in Bangladesh. Teaching Methods Plato suggested different ways to educate the children such as through telling stories, play and imitation. Plato gives importance to nursery education, he thinks nursery education plays a vital role in the education of man; it helps to build his moral character and state of mind The most important part of education is proper training in the nursery. Enforced exercise does no harm to the body, but enforced learning will not stay in the mind. (Nath, 1979, p. 57) In our country Platos material for education is used for the development of education. Besides, multimedia projector and visual sound system are used in higher level educational institutions, and maps, charts and models in primary level. Platos View on Moral Ethics Plato presents his ideas for an ideal society in the The Republic and he provided details about the curriculum and system of education. According to Plato the ideal society should care for their youth and the guardians would be responsible for the moral education of their children. Every person would know his duty and his responsibility. (Bhuiyan, 2010, p. 269) Plato talked about moral education in 427 BC, which is of paramount importance still in the perspective of Bangladesh. We teach our children moral lessons from the very beginning which is started by the parents, grandfathers and grandmothers. Moral institutions are also imparted to the student by their teachers in the schools, colleges and universities. Besides these, ethics is included in many disciplines in our country. Moral deterioration is very acute in everywhere. The only way to get rid of this problem is to practice or nourish moral education properly. Chapter 5: Rousseau Rousseaus Philosophy of Education Rousseaus philosophy of education is called the philosophy of Naturalism. Rousseaus philosophy of life and society has been reflected in his philosophy of education. Proper education is achieved through the understanding of natural objects and beauties. In this system, nature itself is the teacher. According to Rousseau, children will learn from three sorts of teachers such as nature, human being and objects. Having influenced and taught by this three sources is called an educated man by Rousseau. We can control human being and objects. But we cannot control nature. So education should be confined to the rules of nature. Go back to the lap of nature this idea is closely associated with Rousseau. In his book Emile, (Nurnobi, Fouzia and Champa., 2006, p. 277) he used nature in three senses. Psychological Nature, Physical Nature, Biological Nature Rousseaus views on the aim of education Rousseau opines that the aim of education is not only to acquire knowledge but also to help flourishing of childrens talents. The aim of education for children will be different on the basis of its age. In childhood, education should build up its physical development. There is no need of moral and social teaching. The education in boyhood should aim at the exercise of sensual and mental development. The purpose of female education should be preparing a woman fit for her male counterpart. Excessive learning is not necessary for the womenfolk. (Dali and Imam, 1999, p. 42) Curriculum of Rousseau The education curriculum of Rousseau is not definite and well planned. Rousseau launched a war against the conventional education. So he was against the traditional curriculum. Rousseau did not like reading books. He said, Books teach us to talk about something on which we have no practical knowledge. Nonetheless, he selected the novel Robinson Crusoe as mandatory for Emile. According to him, this book can help Emile to be self-confident and self-sufficient. According to curriculum, physical exercise and health education have been given much emphasis in adolescence. Importance has also been given on the arts of hand made goods and vocational works. He has also talked about religious and moral education. But he was against Female education. Household chores will be learning tasks of women. Rousseaus education related curriculum is not precise and well planned. (Uddin and Das, 2006, p. 247, 248) His education system which he advocated about 200 years ago is not fully coherent with the exiting education curriculum of Bangladesh. Nevertheless, the appeal and the necessity of his education about nature are still effective. For example, novel laureate poet Rabindranath Tagore has established Shanty Nike ton in the midst of nature. Even in Bangladesh, Rajshahi, Chittagong, and Jahanggirnagor universities are established in the midst of natural beauties so that students and teachers can learn from nature. Teaching style of Rousseau His teaching method was inventive. In this method, a children is kept in the place of invention. A children learns through the process of examination. (Dali and Imam, 1999, p. 43) In fact, through the process of Rousseaus thinking laboratory method, invention method, education through work, sensual experience method were emerged. Rousseaus discovery method of learning is relevant to the existing creative method of Bangladesh. Because in the creative method, there is always a riddle or a story where students are to discover or find out the answers. Educational Framework Rousseau suggested two types of education framework based on different conditions Firstly, education framework for a state and society Secondly, education for preserving survival of civilization Stages of Education in Emile He divided education systems in five stages. Such as- Stage 1 Infancy (0-5): Education in infancy must be based on physique so that the limbs of a children should be developed proportionally. No need to develop any habit at this time. He said A children is bad because he is weak; make him strong and he will be good. Everything is good as it leaves the hands of the Author of things; everything degenerates in the hands of man (Bloom, 1979, p. 37). Stage 2 The age of Nature (5-12): No particular traditional education should be given now. No education on language, history, geography needs to be provided now. Even religious education is not necessary. Rousseau said, Exercise the body, the organs, the senses and powers, but keep the soughing follow as long as you can. (Cited in Bhuiyan, 2010, p. 313). Stage 3 Pre-adolescence (12-15): Before adolescence a children needs not to read any special book. In this stage, Rousseau has advised to include physical lesson or any sort of education related to art and culture so that he can develop a sense of respect towards Labour (Dali and Imam, 1999, p. 43). Stage 4 Puberty (15-20): Rousseau has advised to start social education in this stage. Here children can develop a habit of social responsibility, co-operation, respect, love, and fellow feeling. Rousseau said, we are born twice once for existing and again for loving; once for the species and again for sex. (Cited in Bhuiyan, 2010, p. 317) Stage 5 Adulthood (20-25): The adult Emile is introduced to his ideal partner, Sophie. The final task of the tutor is to instruct the young couple in their marital rights and duties. (Boyd, 1911, p. 130) 5.11 Rousseaus View on Women Education Rousseau has negative opinion about women education, which is the result of his experiences in his personal and family life. His attitude towards women education is not accepted by any modern state of the world. A nation can not prosper keeping half of the population uneducated. So Rousseaus attitude towards women education is totally unacceptable and unrealistic in the modern perspective. This is a huge drawback of his philosophy of education. Expart 1 said that Rousseau has proposed to keep women under male domination for children bearing because women become inactive in that time; according to Rousseau, this is the main reason of not giving the supremacy of women over men. There is another reason behind this that is the father has to be sure of the true identity of the new born children. This is the secret of Rousseau of not accepting the equality of men and women. Rousseau has been affected by the fear of women from the civilization; he has seen women as devious. In a poem Rousseau says about women, Enchante

Asoka of India :: essays research papers

Asoka was one of the greatest rulers of ancient India. He was the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya of Magadha who established the first Indian empire. Chandragupta reigned for twenty-four years before relinquishing his throne in favor of his son, Bundusara (Asoka’s father), who left no noticeable mark upon the empire. Asoka was born in 304 B.C. and was known in his youth as Canda Asoka (the fierce Asoka) because of his aggressive nature. Asoka came to the throne in 270 B.C. after a power struggle that ended in the death of one of his brothers. He was at first disposed to follow the example of his father and grandfather and complete the conquest of the Indian peninsula. In about 256 B.C. Asoka attacked Kalinga, a country on the east coast of Madras, in order to expand his empire, which he ruled as a tyrant at the time. Asoka succeeded in conquering Kalinga in the bloody war in which 100,000 men were killed, 150,000 injured, and thousands were captured and retained as slaves. The sight of the slaughter involved in his conquest deeply distressed Asoka and deeply affected his mind. Overwhelmed by the carnage, he changed his way of life. Asoka, who practiced Brahmanism, renounced war forever and sought peace in Buddha’s preachings of love and ahimsa. The war developed in him a hatred of all kinds of violence so he gave up hunting and the slaughtering of animals. He became a strict vegetarian. His son, Mahinda, became a Theraveda monk and was sent to introduce Buddhism to Sri Lanka. Asoka spent time piously retracing the steps of the Buddha and raising stupas inscribed with moral injunctions and imperatives at holy places of pilgrimage, and for some two years he became a member of a Buddhist order without relinquishing his role as Emperor. Asoka’s conversion to Buddhism, affected with the help of his own teacher, Upragupta, was gradual. Even though he did little to change the system of government he inherited, he introduced a novel and powerful moral idealism, which was a moral rule or way of life in the Buddhist sense, as he understood it. He called this the â€Å"Law of Piety.† This law, though following the tenets of the Buddha, was distinct from them and peculiar to Asoka. It was to become one of the great turning points of the civilization of the East, having profound effects throughout the neighboring kingdoms, not least in

Foreign affair essay

It shouldn't matter if those people live across the globe. As long as they are human, they should be treated with respect because everyone is created with equal amount of rights and no one can take them away. If we don't made any decision to end this type of camp in North Korea, there will be more people that will be torture and slaughter. Conservatives said that we should stay away from foreign affair due to the fact that we have our own problems. So we need to mind our own business before sticking our nose into other country. They want to let foreign country to solve their own problems.For example, we have our own people that are struggling financially like people living on the street and people that are jobless. They argues that these funds that goes into helping other country comes from American citizens, so logically it should be used for American citizens and not other country. It's like if Andy gives Jon a piece of candy, shouldn't Jon gives Andy something back in the future? They also suggest that since we are already in a huge debt, so why bother to increase it even more? Also what if all other countries are getting aired of waiting for their money and on top of that they see us giving money away.Of course they will get even more mad thinking that we are pushing their limits. While it's needlessly to say that all of those arguments aren't true, I want to point out a couple of things. First, even though we have our own problems we needs to solve, the fact remains that nothing can be ever done in a day. What mean by that is that America already is trying to help the homeless people. There are churches and charity organizations that help homeless people. The government also has programs that help out poor people. For example, food drives, food stamp, and homeless assistance program.Plus some of these people are just lazy; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration estimates that 25 % of homeless people are drug abuser, they need to realize they have choice in American, they can choose to get a job(SHAMS Survey). Also, this issue can be compared to bullying. Bullying is currently a major issue. We have campaigns around the nation that are trying to stop bullying with the reason being that the victims can't solve it by themselves. These campaign aims for everyone to participate to stopping lulling. And if anyone knows what somebody is getting bully then we needs to step in and help the victim.With that being said, if we stay with the thinking of â€Å"mind out own business† or â€Å"let them solve it on their self†, we are being a huge hypocrite because even though we are not related to those foreign country, we still share one similarity. That similarity is that there is human living inside of all those country and we are all created equal. So it's very self- explanatory if we see one of us struggling then we should help out one another. And it's not like country like North Korea can solve it them self ei ther, the whole country is brainwashed into thinking that Kim Gong UN is the greatest.So why would anyone dare to stand up against their own role model. Second is that the opposite view also argue that the funding that goes into aiding another country comes from American citizens, so therefore it needs to be use on American citizens. While that seems very logical, they didn't use our constitution to the fullest. If that's is the case then why don't we let American citizens decide whether or not if they want their tax money goes onto foreign affair. So before We do anything with their tax We ask them to vote on whether or not if they want to put their money down.One of the long standing issues we have in America is debt. The conservative believes that we might increase our debt by intervening with other country. But if we don't, then communism country like North Korea might spread even more. And we already dislike communism to the fullest already, so don't feel like we should just st and and watch. What if communism spread throughout the world and we are the only democracy county. Then eventually we will fall to communism as well. So if we do participate in foreign affair, we can help them build up a better government and establish more foreign trade.Therefore, instead of looking it as dumping money away, we should see this as an opportunity as an investment. It might even improve the trade market and reduce our debts. My view on this topic should be very clear by now, but I want to talk about the real reasons I support protecting human rights in North Korea. Perhaps people don't know about the situation in North Korea, that's why am here to explain what really goes down in the harsh prison camps in North Korea. First of all, some of the prisoners that are in the camp don't even belong in there.They are sentence there because they are related to the political enemies of North Korea. By doing this, North Korea aims to get rid of everybody that doesn't agree with their government Doesn't this sound familiar? The Answer is yes. This is exact same principle, Hitler and his Nazi group followed, that â€Å"killed over 6 million of Jews in the holocaust. â€Å"(Rosenberg). This principle is not only illogical, but also heartbreaking. Innocent people including children are being punished without committing a crime but because of the communism's leader hatred beliefs.According to my experience, every time when we mention the Holocaust in history class it will always brings a gloomy feeling to the room whether you are Jews or not. And if was to ask anyone if they had the power to get rid of the Holocaust, they all would want to. Then I can't understand why anyone wouldn't want to stop this type of madness. It's the same thing but a different country. The other thing is that those prisoners re tortured, killed, and treated like animals. People's finger is chop off with the reason being accidentally dropped something.Kids are hit with a club until t hey are unconscious or dead if they didn't obey the rules. The prison guard would treat woman like they are animals, forcing them to do things that are explicit and shameful. â€Å"Many prisoners are beaten to dead and executed for stress relief. â€Å"(Adams). All these things lower their morality and turn those people into a beast with no sense of humanity. I have made my point to argue that America should step in and help a brother out. At the end of that day, we are all human, living on the same planet, eat the same food, and share a same goal.In Conclusion, America should participate in foreign affair to stop human right abuses. I understand that by doing this, we will lose resources and receive criticisms. Of course, everything comes with a price. But I strongly believe that the gain will over weigh the loss. I believe that it bring peace and prosperity to the world. This is a step ladder to world peace, even though it seen impossible to achieve, hopefully someday we will al l comes to realization hat life is short and we need to make better use of our life.

Blue-Collar Workers Essay

Blue-collar workers refer to employees performing manual labor generally, their jobs entails physical labor, such as in a factory or workshop. Blue-collar work may involve skilled or unskilled, manufacturing, mining, construction, mechanical, maintenance, technical installation and many other types of physical work. A higher level academic education is often not required for many blue-collar jobs. However, certain fields may require specialized training, licensing or certification as well as a high school diploma. Blue-collar work is often paid hourly wage-labor, although some professionals may be paid by the project or salaried. There is a wide range of pay scales for such work depending upon field of specialty and experience. The term blue collar has in the past implied a certain lack of worker education as well, but it is not the case nowadays. Today blue collar workers can be formally educated, skilled and highly paid. They can also earn more annually then some of their white collar counterparts. Eventually white-collar employees are paid more but compared to the past, blue-collar workers are respected and are fairly paid for their job. Blue collar jobs are any type of employment situations that involve manual labor that is compensated with an hourly wage rather than a salary. There are a number of different types of jobs that fall into this category, many of which provide a steady and attractive amount of income. Some of the more common examples of blue collar jobs are found in construction, mechanical repairs, plumbing, and electrical work.